The Science Behind Sunsets

2016-08-04 17:42:05.000 – Tim Greene, Intern

 

 

        Here at the Observatory, we are privy to some spectacular sunsets and sunrises whenever we are in the clear and the sun is not otherwise obscured. Even the most stunning pictures we take fail to fully capture the vibrant hues that paint the sky like a watercolor. Regardless of the camera you are shooting with (of course some do a better job than others, personally I shoot with a Nikon D7100), it is impossible to get a picture that accurately portrays the precise color and luminescence of the sun on the human eye; even with Photoshop it is still a, perhaps surprisingly, tall order. The best way I can describe it is like the deep, glowing red of a neon sign in the darkness but instead placed over the Green Mountains of Vermont, bathing the western landscape in rouge tones. If you ever get the opportunity to do an overnight trip during a clear stretch of weather, take it! And don’t forget that includes both a sunset and a sunrise if you play your cards right.
 
 
 

Why are sunsets so colorful, anyway?

       To understand the science behind colorful sunsets, it is important to first understand color. Contrary to how most are accustomed to seeing the world, an object’s color is based off the ratio of how much light it absorbs and how much it reflects. For instance, a golf ball appears white only because the paint on its surface reflects all the colors in the visible spectrum (a small fraction of the entire electromagnetic spectrum) which collectively make up what we see as the color white. Similarly, a hockey puck appears black because it absorbs all the colors in the visible spectrum. This same concept is what makes the sky blue; the atmosphere, which is comprised mostly of nitrogen and oxygen, preferentially scatters (the technical term for reflect/deflect) violet and blue. The reason the afternoon sky looks blue and not violet is actually because the human eye is more sensitive to blue and green hues. That said, some animals look up to see a purple sky.

       When the sun reaches its highest point in the sky (which is not necessarily directly overhead) in reference to a fixed ground point, it is passing through the minimum amount of atmosphere in its daily cycle. This relatively short distance of atmosphere light passes through yields a blue sky (especially on days when there is low humidity, otherwise the sky can have a milky, hazy appearance). As the sun sinks lower, its light must pass through a greater depth of the atmosphere (approaching its maximum, at sunset) in order to reach the surface. With a greater depth of the atmosphere blues and violets are better scattered, which serves to redden the atmosphere. In other words, the National Weather Service says, “sunsets are red because the daytime sky is blue.” The abridged version of this explanation is essentially: the greater the distance light must pass through, the more “colorful” it can appear.

       Clouds add an interesting dynamic to sunsets because they each capture rays of varying length on a white canvas-like backdrop. Without them, sunsets would be far less impressive (especially just after the sun disappears below the horizon) as there would be no way to see some of the most impressive colors the visible spectrum has to offer!

 
 

Why is the sunset always so colorful from the summit of Mount Washington?

        On the somewhat rare occasion we at the Observatory are able to see the sunset, it is always rich with deep red, fluorescent-looking hues. The reason for this stems from our unique vantage point; at 6,288 feet above sea level, our horizon is more distant than at lower elevations. This equates to more atmosphere the sun’s rays must pass through before they reach our eyes at the summit and a stunning red most are not in a position to be able to see.

July 2016 MWO Sunset

 

 

Tim Greene, Intern

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